In keeping with Salic Law, he named Henry as his heir. Advantages of Self-Paced Distance Learning, Hittite Inventions & Technological Achievements, Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction: Causes, Evidence & Species, English Renaissance Theatre: Characteristics & Significance, Postulates & Theorems in Math: Definition & Applications, High School Assignment - First Civilizations in Mesopotamia, Quiz & Worksheet - The Cask of Amontillado Plot Diagram, Quiz & Worksheet - Texas Native American Facts, Quiz & Worksheet - Function of a LAN Card, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate. By the end of the war, the Church’s prestige was greatly enhanced. [2] Whether these should be included in the European wars of religion depends on how one defines a 'war of religion', and whether these wars can be considered 'European' (i.e. Although this seems like a happy ending for Protestantism within the Empire and Germany, it came at a very high price. The Toggenburg War in 1712 was a conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons. In a pattern soon to become familiar in the Netherlands and Scotland, underground Calvinist preaching and the formation of covert alliances with members of the nobility quickly led to more direct action to gain political and religious control. However, religion was only one of the causes, which also included revolts, territorial ambitions, and Great Power conflicts. [7][dubious – discuss][clarification needed], Series of wars waged in Europe from ca. He was formally received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1593 and was crowned at Chartres in 1594. Here a group of prominent citizens, including the Lutheran pastor turned Anabaptist Bernhard Rothmann, Jan Matthys, and Jan Bockelson ("John of Leiden") had little difficulty in obtaining possession of the town on January 5, 1534. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. [23] They spread their revolutionary religious and political doctrines into the countryside of Bohemia, Southern Germany, and Switzerland. Hundreds of besiegers were scalded or choked to death when boiling water was poured into the tunnels or fires were lit to fill them with smoke. Log in here for access. A Scottish army, assembled under the command of David Leslie, tried to block the retreat, but Cromwell defeated them at the Battle of Dunbar on September 3. During the war, Germany's population was reduced by 30% on average. [36] The following year Fitzgerald was blasted into submission, and in August he was induced to surrender. In 1532 the Emperor, pressed by external troubles, stepped back from confrontation, offering the "Peace of Nuremberg", which suspended all action against the Protestant states pending a General Council of the Church. The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. Under Charles’ reign, the Low Countries were subjected to the papal form of the Inquisition where laws were rarely enforced. Shortly after this episode, local resistance to the reforms emerged in England. It will highlight the different phases of the war while also explaining why most of Europe took up battle against the Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburg Dynasty. [35] and it would be a puppet state until 1814, when Frederick VI renounced his claims to the Crown of Norway in favor of the King of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Kiel. The preaching of Martin Luther and his many followers raised tensions across Europe. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. The Union of Brussels was formed only to be dissolved later out of intolerance towards the religious diversity of its members. Catholic is an adjective derived from the Greek adjective καθολικός, meaning \"general; universal\" (cf. He recaptured Deventer, Groningen, Nijmegen and Zutphen. When additional French troops arrived in Leith, Edinburgh's seaport, the Protestants responded by retaking Edinburgh. Ferdinand, having been educated by the Jesuits, was a staunch Catholic. [30] Of the city's 30,000 population, only 400 survived. Philip became dissatisfied with Margaret, and seized the opportunity to relieve her. First, it offered protection to Protestants living in northern Germany. The war had proved disastrous for the German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire. After the defeat, the forces of Zürich regrouped and attempted to occupy the Zugerberg, and some of them camped on the Gubel hill near Menzingen. This was considered the last and most costly victory of Alva's regime. The Spanish withdrew from France under the terms of the Peace of Vervins. This is about a war of independence. Third, it forbade German princes to ally with each other or any foreign power. Historians have estimated[citation needed] that up to 30% of Ireland's population either died or had gone into exile by the end of the wars. League presses began printing anti-royalist tracts under a variety of pseudonyms, while the Sorbonne proclaimed that it was just and necessary to depose Henry III. The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king. The leadership of the Catholic League had devolved to the Duke de Mayenne, who was appointed Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. Since most of the war was actually fought on German soil, its land and population were devastated. Maurice of Nassau, William's son, had studied mathematics and applied the latest techniques in science to ballistics and siege warfare. Philip II mishandled his responsibility through a series of bungled diplomatic maneuvers. The 30 Years’ War, which took place in the first half of the 17th century, is one of the most devastating wars in European history. On August 6, 1566, Philip signed a formal instrument declaring that his offer of pardon had been gotten from him against his will. King Charles I decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom Royal French forces held besieged in La Rochelle. As hostilities broke out, the Edict was revoked. This period never experienced the fury of the early sieges; however, the struggle for independence went on. Realising that his predecessor had been right and that there was no prospect of a Protestant king succeeding in Catholic Paris, Henry reputedly uttered the famous phrase Paris vaut bien une messe (Paris is well worth a Mass). For example, by the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France was allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy. From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. Francis had been severely criticized for his initial tolerance towards Protestants, and now was encouraged to repress them. The Catholic League's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales). As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 83,000 Although a Roman Catholic, she was prepared to deal favourably with the Huguenot House of Bourbon. It also allowed for different sects of Protestantism to exist within the German states. She held little power since her authority had been carefully limited by advisors designated by Philip. ... Catholic vs Protestant. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, Henry III reluctantly issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne. The citizens of each state were forced to adopt the religion of their rulers (the principle of, Lutherans could keep the territory that they had captured from the Catholic Church since the, This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 00:51. Catholic officers included General Pierre Beauregard, General James Longstreet, General William Hardee, and Admiral Rafael Semmes. This divisiveness gave Spain the opportunity to send Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma with 20,000 well-trained troops into the Netherlands. However, Montrose, who had raised a mercenary force in Norway, later returned but did not succeed in raising many Highland clans, and the Covenanters defeated his army at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross-shire on 27 April 1650. It also allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. One account reveals an incident where an Anabaptist was hacked to death with seven blows of a rusty sword in the presence of his wife, who died at the horror of the sight. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated Germany and killed one-third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I. Denmark's cause was aided by France, which, together with England, had agreed to help subsidize the war. Why did the Protestant Reformation lead to war? The siege of Drogheda and massacre of nearly 3,500 people[citation needed]—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests—became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. Only their leader can peace out the members of the protestant league. One band of marauders even styled themselves as "Werewolves". In 1630, Swedish troops moved into Germany. The war marked a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry for pre-eminence in Europe, which led later to direct war between France and Spain. Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant Lords in open rebellion. An incident at Rotterdam involving the rescue of several heretics from burning at the stake made Philip introduce the Spanish form of the Inquisition. Only the two Spanish members had the power to vote, with Alva personally retaining the right of final decision on any case that interested him. civil rights movement personal narrative shakespeare courage friendships hero definition gun violence nature vs. nurture discourse community writing music zoo schools uniforms motivation text analysis industrial revolution. In 1652, the army finished off the remnants of Royalist resistance, under the terms of the "Tender of Union". A small force of Aegeri succeeded in routing the camp, and the demoralized Zürich force had to retreat, forcing the Protestants to agree to a peace treaty to their disadvantage. In 1529 under the lead of Huldrych Zwingli, the Protestant canton and city of Zürich had concluded with other Protestant cantons a defence alliance, the Christliches Burgrecht, which also included the cities of Konstanz and Strasbourg. [37][incomplete short citation]. The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and surrounding territory, was the area most devastated by the wars of religion. Catholic v Protestant Wars The division between Catholic and Protestant changed European history and led to a series of bloody religious wars, especially in the 16 th and 17 th. Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, and in spring of 1570 they pillaged Toulouse, cut a path through the south of France and went up the Rhone valley to La Charité-sur-Loire. However, countries like Denmark, Sweden, and even Catholic France were not willing to let this occur. [2][4] The Peace of Westphalia (1648) broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. Within this peace treaty, three main things were established. Lutheranism was immediately established, the Catholic bishops were imprisoned, and monastic and church lands were soon confiscated to pay for the armies that had brought Christian to power. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation in 1545 against the growth of Protestantism. Transcript. After years of bloodshed and war, the Peace of Westphalia would signal the end of the 30 Years' War. The next major armed resistance took place in the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, which was an unsuccessful rising in western England against the enforced substitution of Cranmer's English language service for the Latin Catholic Mass. There was a 1% levy on all property, due immediately. This, however, was no easy task. 's' : ''}}. With France officially joining the fight, the Swedes decided to once again join them. Ellis, S. "The Tudors and the origins of the modern Irish states: A standing army". Unfortunately for the Bohemians, they were outnumbered from the start. From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. The first wars of religion broke out in Germany in the 1550s. What are the causes for the 30 Years' War, what places were involved, and where did the war take place? Initially, the wars were motivated by the conflict and rivalry that developed due to a change in the religious balance. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. Instead of selecting a successor trained in handling diplomacy, Philip sent the Duke of Alva to crush the malcontents. The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last Irish Confederate and Royalist troops surrendered. Henry soon found himself in the difficult position of trying to maintain royal authority in the face of feuding warlords who refused to compromise. Already registered? The islanders found fierce pleasure in these acts of cruelty. The choice was crucial. The Bourbons, with English support and led by Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, and Admiral Coligny, began to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire. In 1521, Luther was excommunicated, sealing the schism within Western Christendom between the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutherans and opening the door for other Protestants to resist the power of the papacy. Religion: Catholic vs. Protestant. previous Not to be taken lightly was the imposition of taxes on the businesses and people of the Low Countries. Wallenstein's army marched north, occupying Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and ultimately Jutland. They stole the jewels and costly robes of the religious. Because of their revolutionary political ideas, radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer were compelled to leave the Lutheran cities of North Germany in the early 1520s. During the 16th century, a revolution began in Christianity. The Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, and other North German princes not only protected Luther from retaliation from the edict of outlawry issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, but also used state power to enforce the establishment of Lutheran worship in their lands, in what is called the Magisterial Reformation. The rebels went on to capture Newcastle upon Tyne, further weakening King Charles' authority. Christian had himself appointed war leader of the Lower Saxon Alliance and raised an army of 20,000–35,000 mercenaries. The Huguenots tried to gain French government support for intervention against the Spanish forces arriving in the Netherlands. The first challenge to the institution of these reforms came from Ireland, where 'Silken' Thomas Fitzgerald cited the controversy to justify his armed uprising of 1534. Like many wars of its time period, the 30 Years' Warhad its root in politics and religion. Upon completion of the lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. During the period 1500-1700 Catholics could practice their religion freely during the following dates: 1500-1530 1553-1558 The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d'Anjou (later King Henry III) and assisted by troops from Spain, the Papal States and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Unlike Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, Protestant Christianity usually has no Apostolic Succession. Finally, in 1648, a Swedish general entered Prague and captured the city. The taxation was unilateral in nature: it was levied by a foreign political entity and the benefit derived from the taxes went to Spain. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Netherlands, or Low Countries, were engaged in a seemingly futile struggle for independence against the most dominant power of the times, Spain. This the king refused, and deteriorating relations led to the outbreak of war in 1642. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the violence between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. Battles were fought fiercely in caverns with limited maneuvering capabilities. Anyone can earn The immediate cause was a suspension of payments to Protestant churches by the Crown at a time Imperial Protestants already felt they were living under an antiquated agreement that should be renegotiated in their favor. [3] The Encyclopædia Britannica maintains that "[the] wars of religion of this period [were] fought mainly for confessional security[clarification needed] and political gain".[3]. The Catholics were victorious and able to maintain their political dominance. With the state-ordered break with the Pope in Rome, the Church in England, Wales and Ireland was placed under the rule of the King and Parliament. Farnese soon regained nearly all the Southern provinces for Spain. On one occasion a surgeon at Veer cut the heart from a Spanish prisoner, nailed it on a vessel's prow, and invited the townsmen to come and fasten their teeth in it, which many did with savage satisfaction. imaginable degree, area of [citation needed]. The battle between Catholics and Protestants is rooted in history. In 1592, Farnese died of wounds and exhaustion. On October 11, 1531, the Catholic cantons decisively defeated the forces of Zürich in the Second War of Kappel. No distinction was made between Catholic or Protestant. On the political side, it was th… After numerous minor incidents and provocations from both sides, a Catholic priest was executed in the Thurgau in May 1528, and the Protestant pastor J. Keyser was burned at the stake in Schwyz in 1529. In 1576, the King signed the Edict of Beaulieu, granting minor concessions to the Calvinists, but a brief Sixth Civil War took place in 1577. Don Fadrique's troops indiscriminately sacked homes, monasteries and churches. The wars listed were the most severe in casualties; the remaining religious conflicts in Europe lasted for only a few years, a year, or less and/or were much less violent. just create an account. However, in September 1589, Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques. Her son James VI was raised as a Protestant, later becoming King of England as well as Scotland. Study.com has thousands of articles about every An organised influx of Calvinist preachers from Geneva and elsewhere during the 1550s succeeded in setting up hundreds of underground Calvinist congregations in France. With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at Marston Moor (2 July 1644), gaining York and much of the north of England. Email * Comments. Answer: This is a simple question with a complicated answer, because there are varying degrees of, and reasons for, animosity between any two religious groups. In 1617, Ferdinand of the staunchly Catholic Hapsburg Dynasty took the throne of Bohemia, now the modern-day Czech Republic. [3] The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), establishing a new political order now known as Westphalian sovereignty. The Reformation came to Britain and Ireland with King Henry VIII of England's breach with the Catholic Church in 1533. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The Guises then proposed a settlement with a cipher as heir and demanded a meeting of the Estates-General, which was to be held in Blois. He lost every battle and the Eighty Years' War was underway (1568–1648).[27]. You can test out of the Throughout this conflict, the Hapsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire sought to unify much of Central Europe under the Catholic faith. Catching the exhausted defenders sleeping, they massacred 6,000 men, women and children. Luther started a movement among Christians who believed authority should not belong to clergy, but to the laypeople and their study of the Bible. | 8 In Spain, the kings used the Inquisition to torture and burn Protestants. Fortunately for war-torn Europe, Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III. In December 1584, the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville on behalf of the Catholic League with Philip II of Spain, who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League. Added to this was the Calvinist teaching that leading citizens had the duty to overthrow an "ungodly" ruler (i.e. 9. Download Link Transcript 5 mins 24 secs . The soldiers ate, drank, then killed every person in the town. After seven months, when the city's inhabitants had been reduced to eating weeds and heather, the city surrendered (July 11, 1573). The execution of Charles I altered the dynamics of the Civil War in Scotland, which had raged between Royalists and Covenanters since 1644. The Empire was a fragmented collection of practically independent states with an elected Holy Roman Emperor as their titular ruler; after the 14th century, this position was usually held by a Habsburg. However, this incident, which became known as the Defenestration of Prague, marked the opening of the 30 Years' War. But, in 1621, 12 years later, the war resumed when the Netherlands reverted to Spain when Albert and Isabel died childless. The reign of Queen Elizabeth 1st (“Good Queen Bess”, “England’s Golden Age”) cemented the country as solidly Protestant despite the machinations of Catholic Spain (spies, assassination attempts, the famous Spanish Armada, and other intrigues). What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? A new Governor of the Netherlands followed. [26] Huge damage was done to monasteries, churches and other religious institutions. For decades armies and armed bands had roamed Germany like packs of wolves, slaughtering the populace like sheep. They were financially supported by France and the money was poured into ships since Spain's control of the seas had been broken by England. Unlike his father, Ferdinand III wanted peace to be achieved. In 1636, France invaded Germany. Oddly, this didn't extend to the Protestants in the south. Mary of Guise gathered those nobles loyal to her and a small French army. The Catholic Clan MacDonald was subject to the 1691 Glencoe Massacre for being late in pledging loyalty to the new Protestant king William II. Individual conflicts that may be distinguished within this topic include: The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and surrounding territory, was the area most devastated by the wars of religion. In 1638 the Scottish National Covenant was signed by aggrieved presbyterian lords and commoners. Catechism: Protestant kids memorize the Bible. Failure to comply would result in prosecution by the Imperial Court. The term “magisterium” refers to the official teaching body of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants entered cathedrals smashing holy objects, breaking up altars and statues and smashing stained glass windows. Farnese, the son of Margaret of Parma, was the ablest general of Spain. Select a subject to preview related courses: Although the Peace of Prague ended the Swedish phase of the war, it sparked the French phase. She had remained unified; her soldiers had fought bravely, and Americans had witnessed uncountable acts of Catholic charity. They greeted the victorious soldiers with tables set with feasts. This was a means of preserving absolute control over the Low Countries and it was an excellent vehicle to promote the spread of the Inquisition. 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